This Foldout collects the entries for some of the Jobs and Occupations which have been recorded in the district
A |
Father | Ref 298-F23 |
Father or Fr is used for a Catholic priest
Abraham man | Ref 298-1977 |
Acater | Ref 298-A41 |
Accomptant | Ref 298-1063 |
Accoucheur | Ref 298-A45 |
Acre-man | Ref 298-A47 |
aegyptianus | Ref 298-2 |
Affeerer | Ref 298-2133 |
Ag.Lab | Ref 298-23 |
The term is widely used in censuses and other records.
Many of these were recorded prior to the Industrial Revolution
Ale-conner | Ref 298-1815 |
In the 12th century, the Warren family were appointed to oversee ale houses.
In 1393, Richard II decreed that ale houses should have a pictorial sign so that the ale-conner could recognise the establishment
Ale-draper | Ref 298-A12 |
Almoner | Ref 298-1051 |
Anyone who is responsible for distributing charity to the needy, or someone in charge of petty cash
Alnager | Ref 298-A13 |
Amen man | Ref 298-A30 |
Anilepman | Ref 298-A25 |
Annatto-maker | Ref 298-2532 |
Apparitor | Ref 298-2251 |
Appraiser | Ref 298-1820 |
Archiator | Ref 298-A32 |
Archil-maker | Ref 298-2565 |
Archill maker | Ref 298-90 |
Armiger | Ref 298-A44 |
The adjective is armigerous
Artificer | Ref 298-A33 |
Aulnager | Ref 298-A39 |
B |
Back-tenter | Ref 298-B11 |
See Tenter
Back-washer | Ref 298-B12 |
Badger | Ref 298-2712 |
An Act of 1697 required anyone who received parish relief to wear a badge with the letter P – for pauper – sewn to their clothes. These people were known as badgers, and were licensed by the Quarter Sessions and recorded in Badgers' Recognisances. The badge was a distinguishing mark, and designed to discourage fraudulent beggars as people began to move from the countryside into the towns. Any pauper who refused to wear the badge was liable to be committed to prison for 3 weeks' hard labour. Any parish officer who gave relief to a poor person who was not wearing a badge could be fined 20/-. Badge wearing was compulsory until the law was repealed in 1810.
See Cadger
Badger | Ref 298-2809 |
The name was often qualified by adding the name of the product sold: egg badger, potato badger, and so on.
The word is also used as a surname and in place names – often spelled as Bagger – and is recorded around 1300.
See Badger Lane, Brighouse and Cadger
Bagniokeeper | Ref 298-B41 |
The name was also used for someone who was in charge of a brothel
Bairman | Ref 298-1136 |
Bandmaster | Ref 298-968 |
Bang-beggar | Ref 298-2615 |
Banksman | Ref 298-2837 |
The man responsible for the winding mechanism and lift cage which are used for lowering / raising the workers and the coal at a coal mine.
Later, the word was used for the person who oversees the reversing of vehicles out of building sites
This & associated entries use material contributed by Alan Longbottom
Barber | Ref 298-B74 |
The striped red and white barber's pole reminds us of the blood and bandages of the surgical practices.
Bareman | Ref 298-1129 |
Basil-worker | Ref 298-B14 |
Baumer | Ref 298-B31 |
Beamer | Ref 298-1243 |
Blacksmith | Ref 298-944 |
Someone who makes and repairs iron objects.
See Farrier
Bluffer | Ref 298-B75 |
Bobbin turner | Ref 298-87 |
Body-snatcher | Ref 298-1276 |
Boiler-tapper | Ref 298-B21 |
Bondman | Ref 298-1509 |
Bondmen were not allowed to live outside the manor without licence from the lord. Where permission was given an annual chevage was payable to the lord by the bondman.
A bondman could not take legal action concerning rents or tenure against the lord.
When a bondman died, his property passed to the lord of the manor; the relatives could buy the property on payment of an entry fee to the lord.
The word is also used to mean an apprentice who was bonded to a master for the purpose of learning a skill or trade.
See Slave
Bondsman | Ref 298-B52 |
Boothman | Ref 298-2663 |
Borough Treasurer | Ref 298-2619 |
See Borough Treasurer of Brighouse, Borough Treasurer of Halifax, Borough Treasurer of Rastrick, Borough Treasurer of Todmorden and Town Clerk
Botanist | Ref 298-48 |
In the 19th century, the terms botanist and medical botanist were used for a herbalist.
Brace maker | Ref 298-72 |
Braces were made of leather or elastic fabric, and were used as suspenders for holding-up trousers. They were made by hand or by machine
Brasiater | Ref 298-B20 |
Brasiler | Ref 298-2699 |
Brazier | Ref 298-B64 |
Brewster | Ref 298-B48 |
Brewster sessions were a special Quarter Sessions meeting which licensed inn-keepers and keepers of alehouses
Brightsmith | Ref 298-20 |
Brogger | Ref 298-1384 |
Brother | Ref 298-B32 |
Brownsmith | Ref 298-2719 |
Burler | Ref 298-3 |
C |
Cadger | Ref 298-1885 |
See Badger, Cadge and Cadger Lane, Brighouse
Cafender | Ref 298-C38 |
Canvasser | Ref 298-C1036 |
Later, the term was used for anyone who carried out research, particularly for use in elections or sales
Carboniser | Ref 298-78 |
Carder | Ref 298-96 |
Carman | Ref 298-60 |
Someone who drives a cart & horse(s) to make deliveries of goods
Carter | Ref 298-61 |
Someone who drives a cart & horse(s) to make deliveries of goods
Catagman | Ref 298-C13 |
Chair bottomer | Ref 298-67 |
Chandler | Ref 298-2535 |
Corn chandlers and tallow chandlers are encountered
Chapman | Ref 298-1734 |
See Copeman
Cheese winder | Ref 298-27 |
Clicker | Ref 298-45 |
It can also mean someone who works in the printing industry
Clogger | Ref 298-4 |
See Verney Horsfall
Clothier | Ref 298-C78 |
Cobbler | Ref 298-974 |
Collier | Ref 298-C51 |
Comber | Ref 298-46 |
Cone Winder | Ref 298-29 |
Confectioner | Ref 298-965 |
Later, someone who made cakes and sweets.
Conveyancer | Ref 298-962 |
Cooper | Ref 298-930 |
Coparcener | Ref 298-C12 |
Copeman | Ref 298-2543 |
Cordwainer | Ref 298-1300 |
The word comes from Córdoban, after the leather products of the Spanish city of Córdoba.
See Clicker
Corn chandler | Ref 298-1981 |
Coroner | Ref 298-2361 |
Under an Act of 1752, coroners returned abstracts of inquests to the Quarter Sessions in order to claim their expenses. These returns are preserved in the sessions files and include the date of the inquest, the name of the deceased and the verdict of the jury. These are public records and there is a 75 years' closure period on them.
See William Barstow, John Brigg, John Brigg, Coroner's Court, Halifax, J. F. Dearden, Thomas F. Dearden, George Dyson, George, Brighouse, Halifax Town Hall, John Hargreaves, Ernest Hatton Hill, John Richard Ingram, Bernard Williamson Little, Edward Wallace Norris, William Stansfeld, Joseph Wood and Robert Wood
Costermonger | Ref 298-1888 |
Cottager | Ref 298-C89 |
Cottar | Ref 298-1761 |
Couper | Ref 298-C53 |
Couple beggar | Ref 298-2661 |
Cropper | Ref 298-C102 |
Culler | Ref 298-1715 |
Cunning man | Ref 298-1635 |
Cursitor | Ref 298-C113 |
Cutlooker | Ref 298-82 |
D |
Dataller | Ref 298-75 |
A casual worker who is paid by the day.
Delver | Ref 298-57 |
This was distinct from a stone miner who worked underground.
See Master-taker and Stone quarrying
Devil minder | Ref 298-5 |
Devil worker | Ref 298-6 |
Deviller | Ref 298-68 |
Dexter | Ref 298-24 |
Compare Textor.
There are the entries on the Calderdale Companion for people with the surname Dexter.
Dispensatore | Ref 298-1049 |
A steward or treasurer
Dissenter | Ref 298-2569 |
To some extent, Dissenters were tradesmen and workers of the lower class.
In the 18th century, Dissenters were excluded from membership of certain bodies, for example, they could not be a student at Oxford & Cambridge, a Magistrate, or a Member of Parliament.
See Baptists, Congregationalists, Methodists and Unitarians
Doffer | Ref 298-108 |
Someone who removes a filled bobbin or cheese from a machine, and replaces it with an empty one.
Doffers were often child workers who were small enough to crawl beneath the machines.
See: Doff
Dog whipper | Ref 298-2840 |
The dogs might be attracted by the tails of foxes, and other animals – which were killed in order to collect a bounty – and nailed to the church door.
Doubler | Ref 298-88 |
Drawer | Ref 298-99 |
Someone who gathered the threads from a number of bobbins for handling the combined threads together.
See: Plug-drawer / Wire drawer
Dresser | Ref 298-101 |
Drover | Ref 298-1015 |
Drysalter | Ref 298-1059 |
Someone who makes or deals in dry chemicals, such as dyes and colours for the textile industry
Dryster | Ref 298-34 |
Duler | Ref 298-7 |
Dummerer | Ref 298-2546 |
Dyer | Ref 298-957 |
E |
Ealdorman | Ref 298-77 |
The name continued to be used as alderman
Engine Tenter | Ref 298-2524 |
Executor | Ref 298-1980 |
An executrix is a female executor.
F |
Facer | Ref 298-1080 |
Farrier | Ref 298-74 |
Fellmonger | Ref 298-2482 |
Someone who deals in hides and skins – particularly sheepskins – and other animal products which were used for making glue, and a tradesman who prepares skins for the tanner.
Feoffee | Ref 298-2019 |
Feoffor | Ref 298-2048 |
Feroner | Ref 298-F7 |
Fettler | Ref 298-1146 |
Finisher | Ref 298-F6 |
Fixer | Ref 298-1942 |
Flag Facer | Ref 298-1077 |
See Stone dresser
Freedman | Ref 298-1835 |
Compare this with freeman
Freeholder | Ref 298-1613 |
See Copyholder, Inholder and Smallholder
Frith man | Ref 298-2017 |
Fuller | Ref 298-42 |
G |
Gannister miner | Ref 298-111 |
Gaoler | Ref 298-69 |
The name turnkey was also used
Garnet | Ref 298-38 |
The work is carried out by a garnetter.
Garthman | Ref 298-G12 |
Gasser | Ref 298-8 |
Gaux collector | Ref 298-9 |
Gentleman | Ref 298-324 |
The sons of a men titled esquire are titled gentlemen.
Good brother | Ref 298-2851 |
Goodman | Ref 298-1353 |
Goodwife | Ref 298-1354 |
Goux collector | Ref 298-10 |
Grace wife | Ref 298-79 |
Gracer | Ref 298-G19 |
Gunsmith | Ref 298-946 |
Gypsy | Ref 298-919 |
Aka Aegyptianus, Zingarius, and Zingari.
True gypsies speak the Romany language and are believed to originate in South Asia.
H |
Haberdasher | Ref 298-H34 |
Hair merchant | Ref 298-32 |
Half-timer | Ref 298-2852 |
It is recorded that there were 1057 half-timers working in Halifax in 1917.
The practice became illegal in 1922.
Hawker | Ref 298-995 |
Hellier | Ref 298-H49 |
This is also a surname in some parts of the country
Henter | Ref 298-H23 |
Herbalist | Ref 298-47 |
In the 19th century, the term botanist might also mean a herbalist.
Some local herbalists were John Anderton, Charles William Bentley, John Bull Herbal Remedy Company, S. Challice, William Culpan, Prof Fairbairn, Samuel Fleming, George Galloway, Greenwood Hanson, Henry Hanson, Mrs Ann Helliwell, Charles Henry Hitchin, A. Lambert, Walter Burns Lingard, Jonathan Lord, M. Ringrose and Mrs Mary Ann Vowles
Hewer | Ref 298-1366 |
See Hurrier
Higgler | Ref 298-2471 |
Highwayman | Ref 298-1451 |
Hooker | Ref 298-255 |
Later, it was a mill worker who operated a machine which laid out a length of cloth into uniform folds of the required length
Horn merchant | Ref 298-33 |
See Hair Merchant and Horner
Horner | Ref 298-71 |
Hosier | Ref 298-H35 |
Hostler | Ref 298-1598 |
Huckster | Ref 298-2513 |
It was also a general term for anyone who sold goods from a small shop or a booth
Hugger | Ref 298-1280 |
Huggers wore a leather saddle to protect themselves.
They used a hugging ladder – a ladder with broad rungs set close together – which made the ascent easier for the worker who could not use his hands to steady himself as he climbed. The task was mechanised during the 1800s, although hugging continued until about 1870.
There were numerous accidents involving huggers and stone workers
Hurrier | Ref 298-1050 |
See Hewer, Mines Act [1842] and Thruster
Husbandman | Ref 298-1574 |
They came below yeomen on the social scale.
See Bordar
Hush-seller | Ref 298-2489 |
Husht Seller | Ref 298-1864 |
See Husht
I |
Impropriator | Ref 298-I15 |
Ingomon | Ref 298-1199 |
Inholder | Ref 298-1213 |
Interfactor | Ref 298-I7 |
Ironmaster | Ref 298-I3 |
J |
Jacksmith | Ref 298-943 |
Jagger | Ref 298-2001 |
It is also an occupational surname mentioned around 1368, and was common in Stainland
The name may be derived from the German Jæger, a type of pony which was used as a packhorse.
See Ailsa O'Fusses
Joiner | Ref 298-102 |
Also another name for a piecer who joins the ends of broken threads
Journeyman | Ref 298-2335 |
Typically, he travelled widely and worked away from home, and would have completed his apprenticeship but was not yet a master of his trade.
Journeymen were members of a guild
Jouster | Ref 298-J3 |
K |
King's archer | Ref 298-1330 |
Kneller | Ref 298-K3 |
Knocker-up | Ref 298-K10 |
Knocknobbler | Ref 298-1795 |
L |
Laiker | Ref 298-L23 |
See Laik
Lamiger | Ref 298-L30 |
Lanternist | Ref 298-73 |
Lardner | Ref 298-11 |
Lavender | Ref 298-L17 |
Lecturer | Ref 298-L33 |
Limiter | Ref 298-L27 |
Lister | Ref 298-315 |
Little Maker | Ref 298-2293 |
Loom tuner | Ref 298-83 |
In many online Census returns, this is wrongly transcribed as Loom turner
Loom turner | Ref 298-85 |
Loomer | Ref 298-103 |
Lorimer | Ref 298-1206 |
M |
Machine-breaker | Ref 298-M40 |
Mantua maker | Ref 298-12 |
Market gardener | Ref 298-M44 |
In the 1830s, representatives from Toronto came to England to recruit stone masons and market gardeners which were in great demand in Canada. Many local workers emigrated about this time.
There were many local people involved in gardening and market gardening – see Local Gardening & Horticulture
Masher | Ref 298-104 |
Master | Ref 298-2800 |
See Journeyman
Master-taker | Ref 298-493 |
In several cases, the master-taker was also the local innkeeper, and would pay the wages to his delvers in his own inn, ensuring that a proportion of their earnings was quickly returned to him!
Melder | Ref 298-M20 |
Mender | Ref 298-276 |
Mercer | Ref 298-13 |
Mercury woman | Ref 298-M30 |
Messor | Ref 298-M19 |
Middle man | Ref 298-1270 |
See Chapman and Halifax Act [1555]
Middleman | Ref 298-765 |
Midwife | Ref 298-64 |
See Gossip, Grace wife, Monthly Nurse, Wet nurse and Wiseman / Wisewoman
Milliner | Ref 298-M11 |
The word originally meant someone from Milan, and later it can to mean someone who sold fancy goods from Milan
Milner | Ref 298-M16 |
Misegatherer | Ref 298-M21 |
Monger | Ref 298-1011 |
Monthly Nurse | Ref 298-63 |
Mule piecer | Ref 298-93 |
N |
Navvy | Ref 298-1449 |
Many navvies were Irish migrants.
O |
Ordinary keeper | Ref 298-O8 |
Ostler | Ref 298-O1 |
Overlooker | Ref 298-224 |
The name was also used for someone who maintains and tunes the looms.
The name tackler is used in Lancashire.
See Halifax & District Power Loom Overlookers' Society and Powerloom Overlookers' Club, Todmorden
Overseer of the Poor | Ref 298-1539 |
P |
Palisser | Ref 298-2541 |
The name comes from the French palisse meaning a pale or a fence.
This and associated words are often corrupted to palace
Palliard | Ref 298-1298 |
Palmer | Ref 298-P24 |
Pardoner | Ref 298-P57 |
Parker | Ref 298-43 |
Passive Resister | Ref 298-1087 |
The National Passive Resistance Movement was formed in 1902 by the Baptist Minister John Clifford.
There was considerable opposition in February 1904, when non-payment resulted in seizure of their goods and possesions to the value of the rate and the costs.
On 23rd June 1905, there was a Passive Resisters' Demonstration in Halifax with a speech by the Rev A. T. Guttery.
In 1906, over 170 passive resisters were imprisoned at Wakefield.
See Rev Roger Briggs, Harold Chapman, Rev William Lawrence, James Edward Whiteley and Rev John Wilkinson
Pauper | Ref 298-1138 |
See Overseer of the Poor and Roundsman
Pavior | Ref 298-P19 |
Paviour | Ref 298-1057 |
Later, it was any workman involved in paving paths and roads.
Pawnbroker | Ref 298-P14 |
Peeler | Ref 298-P16 |
See Police
percher | Ref 298-14 |
Pew-opener | Ref 298-2713 |
Piece Worker | Ref 298-92 |
Piecener | Ref 298-86 |
Piecer | Ref 298-211 |
A textile worker who joins any broken threads and feeds them into the machines during the processes of slubbing, scribbling, carding and spinning.
The intricate task was often performed by women or child workers.
See: Mule piecer / Piece worker
Pikeman | Ref 298-P55 |
Pinder | Ref 298-1958 |
An official who was responsible for rounding up and impounding stray and wandering animals and cattle.
The animals were impounded in a pound or pinfold.
Pistor | Ref 298-1047 |
Plug-drawer | Ref 298-P48 |
Poulterer | Ref 298-P29 |
Powler | Ref 298-1012 |
Preemer | Ref 298-P25 |
Pretender | Ref 298-P5 |
Prigger | Ref 298-P12 |
Proctor | Ref 298-P30 |
Puddler | Ref 298-36 |
R |
Rag & bone man | Ref 298-R21 |
Reacher | Ref 298-100 |
Reaver | Ref 298-R2 |
Recorder | Ref 298-R10 |
Rector | Ref 298-1611 |
He was responsible for the maintenance of the chancel which was his private part of the church.
In his absence, the vicar deputised for the rector. There is now no difference between a vicar and a rector.
A curate is an assistant to the rector
Reducer | Ref 298-40 |
a reducer in a worsted factory
Question: Does anyone know what the job entailed?
Reed Maker | Ref 298-105 |
Relief innkeeper | Ref 298-58 |
This & associated entries use material contributed by Glynn Helliwell
Relieving Officer | Ref 298-130 |
See Parish Relief
Remittance man | Ref 298-1228 |
Riddler | Ref 298-R14 |
Ring spinner | Ref 298-94 |
Roller coverer | Ref 298-106 |
Rover | Ref 298-107 |
Ruffler | Ref 298-2498 |
S |
Saltpetre man | Ref 298-S37 |
Sawyer | Ref 298-1029 |
Scavenger | Ref 298-26 |
Scrivener | Ref 298-S60 |
Scutcher | Ref 298-15 |
Scutiger | Ref 298-1821 |
Serjeant | Ref 298-S87 |
Setter | Ref 298-50 |
Setter-On | Ref 298-109 |
Shearman | Ref 298-2698 |
By 1817, 1,170 croppers were out of work in Yorkshire; 1,445 were employed part-time; 763 were employed full-time.
Sherman | Ref 298-2587 |
Also a man who sheared sheep
Silk dresser | Ref 298-51 |
Silk mercer | Ref 298-52 |
See Mercer and Silk industry
Silk thrower | Ref 298-54 |
See Silk warper
Silk warper | Ref 298-53 |
See Silk thrower
Singer | Ref 298-1083 |
Pronunciation: Singer rhymes with ginger
Sister | Ref 298-S31 |
Skiver | Ref 298-25 |
Slop tailor | Ref 298-941 |
Slopseller | Ref 298-S88 |
Smallholder | Ref 298-2749 |
See Copyholder
Smith | Ref 298-945 |
See Blacksmith, Brownsmith, Gunsmith, Jacksmith, Smithy, Sucksmith and Whitesmith
Socman | Ref 298-1314 |
Sojourner | Ref 298-S13 |
Spencer | Ref 298-S8 |
Spinner | Ref 298-16 |
Squatter | Ref 298-S34 |
Stationer | Ref 298-91 |
Stay-Maker | Ref 298-62 |
Stone Dresser | Ref 298-41 |
See Flag Facer
Stone miner | Ref 298-56 |
This was distinct from a stone delver who worked in a open quarry
Stover | Ref 298-49 |
This may simply to dry the material, or, in some cases, to expose it to sulphur fumes, or to produce a special surface effect.
The work was done by a stover
This & associated entries use material contributed by Stan Mapstone
Stravaiger | Ref 298-S23 |
Strawman | Ref 298-S22 |
Stuff Merchant | Ref 298-17 |
Sucksmith | Ref 298-948 |
Summoner | Ref 298-S76 |
Surgeon | Ref 298-37 |
Sutler | Ref 298-S67 |
Swaler | Ref 298-2068 |
T |
Tackler | Ref 298-110 |
Tallow chandler | Ref 298-2120 |
See Chandler
Tallyman | Ref 298-T14 |
Teamer | Ref 298-985 |
Temple maker | Ref 298-95 |
This & associated entries use material contributed by Roger Beasley
Tenter | Ref 298-1 |
Territorial | Ref 298-18 |
Testator | Ref 298-2227 |
A testatrix is a woman who writes a will
Textor | Ref 298-1173 |
Thief-taker | Ref 298-T65 |
Throstle spinner | Ref 298-98 |
Thrower | Ref 298-19 |
Thruster | Ref 298-1547 |
Thumper | Ref 298-T2 |
Tickneyman | Ref 298-T68 |
Tierer | Ref 298-76 |
A tierer was employed to spread a fresh surface of colour on the printer's pad each time he used it to print calico
This & associated entries use material contributed by Roger Beasley
Tilloter | Ref 298-59 |
Tinker | Ref 298-T52 |
Tinsmith | Ref 298-65 |
See Smith
Tippler | Ref 298-T16 |
Tithingman | Ref 298-35 |
Todhunter | Ref 298-T67 |
Totter | Ref 298-97 |
the bottles were re-used, the rags were sold to makers of shoddy and the bones were sold on to glue-making businesses
Town husband | Ref 298-1632 |
Trammer | Ref 298-926 |
Trampler | Ref 298-T64 |
Tranqueter | Ref 298-T13 |
Translator | Ref 298-T66 |
Tranter | Ref 298-T62 |
Trencherman | Ref 298-21 |
Troacher | Ref 298-T61 |
Tueler | Ref 298-31 |
Tuler | Ref 298-30 |
Turnkey | Ref 298-70 |
Tutor | Ref 298-2567 |
Twister-in | Ref 298-66 |
Tyler | Ref 298-762 |
A Tyler is a Doorkeeper or Guard at the Lodge
U |
Ullnager | Ref 298-80 |
At one point, the ullnagers increased the tax, and a number of Halifax clothiers – refusing to pay – sold their cloth unsealed; the ullnager attempted to seize the goods, but the clothiers won the subsequent court case.
The records are held as Ullnagers' Accounts or Ullnagers' Rolls.
See Narrow cloth
Usher | Ref 298-383 |
At Heath Grammar School, the Usher had similar duties to the Headmaster, but received only half the salary.
Thomas Preston was Usher – or Ludimagister – at Heath Grammar School [1671]
V |
Vagrant | Ref 298-22 |
Vat man | Ref 298-933 |
Venetor | Ref 298-V8 |
Verderer | Ref 298-2782 |
Verger | Ref 298-V12 |
Viewer | Ref 298-546 |
Vintner | Ref 298-V6 |
W |
Walker | Ref 298-44 |
Waller | Ref 298-W1 |
Warper | Ref 298-1242 |
Warrener | Ref 298-39 |
See Warner
Webster | Ref 298-458 |
Wharfinger | Ref 298-1207 |
He took custody of, and was responsible for, goods delivered to the wharf. Typically, he had an office on the wharf or dock, and was responsible for day-to-day activities including slipways, keeping tide tables and resolving disputes.
The etymology is probably Elizabethan-era English.
The final 2 syllables are pronounced as in ginger not as in finger.
See Calder House, Sowerby Bridge and Wharf House, Sowerby Bridge
This & associated entries use material contributed by Mark Andrew
Whitesmith | Ref 298-W39 |
See Brightsmith, Brownsmith and Smith
Whitster | Ref 298-936 |
Willeyer | Ref 298-55 |
Winder | Ref 298-28 |
See Cheese winder and Cone winder
Wire drawer | Ref 298-89 |
A thick wire drawer produced wire of a greater thickness
Wiseman / Wisewoman | Ref 298-81 |
Woolchapman | Ref 298-W12 |
Woolcomber | Ref 298-230 |
Anyone who combs the raw wool during the making of cloth.
St Blaise is the patron St of woolcombers.
In 1853, a letter to the Reynold's Newspaper reported that
the woolcombers of Halifax and its district number about 10,000, with their wives and children, making a population of nearly 30,000 dependent in that particular branch of labour. They are in great distress, but the mill owners are making colossal fortunes
See Bishop Blaise
Wooldriver | Ref 298-84 |
Henry VIII abolished the practice.
See Halifax Act [1555] and Woolshops
Woolsorter | Ref 298-466 |
Woolstapler | Ref 298-188 |
A single fleece comprised many different staples and grades of wool. The staples of wool were sorted according to quality, colour, length and fineness.
Workhouse Master | Ref 298-1961 |
This was a lowly-paid position, but had considerable responsibility and prestige in the community
Y |
Yagger | Ref 298-934 |
Yardman | Ref 298-937 |
Yearman | Ref 298-2767 |
Yeoman clothier | Ref 298-2295 |
Some clothiers were also weavers and producers of cloth, and some were merchants.
John Royds was one of the wealthiest clothiers in the district.
Under the Weavers' Act [1555], clothiers in country districts were forbidden to keep more than one loom, and woollen weavers were forbidden to keep more than two looms.
Many clothiers became very prosperous, and many were Quakers. As the export trade increased through Hull, many local clothiers moved from Halifax to live at the port. In the 16th century, John Winchcombe – known as Jack of Newbury – was probably the most famous clothier in England.
More recently, the term clothier has been used to refer to a tailor, or a retailer of mechanically produced cloth.
See Clothier's Seal, Little maker and Ullnager
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A |
Father | Ref 298-F23 |
Father or Fr is used for a Catholic priest
Abraham man | Ref 298-1977 |
Acater | Ref 298-A41 |
Accomptant | Ref 298-1063 |
Accoucheur | Ref 298-A45 |
Acre-man | Ref 298-A47 |
aegyptianus | Ref 298-2 |
Affeerer | Ref 298-2133 |
Ag.Lab | Ref 298-23 |
The term is widely used in censuses and other records.
Many of these were recorded prior to the Industrial Revolution
Ale-conner | Ref 298-1815 |
In the 12th century, the Warren family were appointed to oversee ale houses.
In 1393, Richard II decreed that ale houses should have a pictorial sign so that the ale-conner could recognise the establishment
Ale-draper | Ref 298-A12 |
Almoner | Ref 298-1051 |
Anyone who is responsible for distributing charity to the needy, or someone in charge of petty cash
Alnager | Ref 298-A13 |
Amen man | Ref 298-A30 |
Anilepman | Ref 298-A25 |
Annatto-maker | Ref 298-2532 |
Apparitor | Ref 298-2251 |
Appraiser | Ref 298-1820 |
Archiator | Ref 298-A32 |
Archil-maker | Ref 298-2565 |
Archill maker | Ref 298-90 |
Armiger | Ref 298-A44 |
The adjective is armigerous
Artificer | Ref 298-A33 |
Aulnager | Ref 298-A39 |
B |
Back-tenter | Ref 298-B11 |
See Tenter
Back-washer | Ref 298-B12 |
Badger | Ref 298-2712 |
An Act of 1697 required anyone who received parish relief to wear a badge with the letter P – for pauper – sewn to their clothes. These people were known as badgers, and were licensed by the Quarter Sessions and recorded in Badgers' Recognisances. The badge was a distinguishing mark, and designed to discourage fraudulent beggars as people began to move from the countryside into the towns. Any pauper who refused to wear the badge was liable to be committed to prison for 3 weeks' hard labour. Any parish officer who gave relief to a poor person who was not wearing a badge could be fined 20/-. Badge wearing was compulsory until the law was repealed in 1810.
See Cadger
Badger | Ref 298-2809 |
The name was often qualified by adding the name of the product sold: egg badger, potato badger, and so on.
The word is also used as a surname and in place names – often spelled as Bagger – and is recorded around 1300.
See Badger Lane, Brighouse and Cadger
Bagniokeeper | Ref 298-B41 |
The name was also used for someone who was in charge of a brothel
Bairman | Ref 298-1136 |
Bandmaster | Ref 298-968 |
Bang-beggar | Ref 298-2615 |
Banksman | Ref 298-2837 |
The man responsible for the winding mechanism and lift cage which are used for lowering / raising the workers and the coal at a coal mine.
Later, the word was used for the person who oversees the reversing of vehicles out of building sites
This & associated entries use material contributed by Alan Longbottom
Barber | Ref 298-B74 |
The striped red and white barber's pole reminds us of the blood and bandages of the surgical practices.
Bareman | Ref 298-1129 |
Basil-worker | Ref 298-B14 |
Baumer | Ref 298-B31 |
Beamer | Ref 298-1243 |
Blacksmith | Ref 298-944 |
Someone who makes and repairs iron objects.
See Farrier
Bluffer | Ref 298-B75 |
Bobbin turner | Ref 298-87 |
Body-snatcher | Ref 298-1276 |
Boiler-tapper | Ref 298-B21 |
Bondman | Ref 298-1509 |
Bondmen were not allowed to live outside the manor without licence from the lord. Where permission was given an annual chevage was payable to the lord by the bondman.
A bondman could not take legal action concerning rents or tenure against the lord.
When a bondman died, his property passed to the lord of the manor; the relatives could buy the property on payment of an entry fee to the lord.
The word is also used to mean an apprentice who was bonded to a master for the purpose of learning a skill or trade.
See Slave
Bondsman | Ref 298-B52 |
Boothman | Ref 298-2663 |
Borough Treasurer | Ref 298-2619 |
See Borough Treasurer of Brighouse, Borough Treasurer of Halifax, Borough Treasurer of Rastrick, Borough Treasurer of Todmorden and Town Clerk
Botanist | Ref 298-48 |
In the 19th century, the terms botanist and medical botanist were used for a herbalist.
Brace maker | Ref 298-72 |
Braces were made of leather or elastic fabric, and were used as suspenders for holding-up trousers. They were made by hand or by machine
Brasiater | Ref 298-B20 |
Brasiler | Ref 298-2699 |
Brazier | Ref 298-B64 |
Brewster | Ref 298-B48 |
Brewster sessions were a special Quarter Sessions meeting which licensed inn-keepers and keepers of alehouses
Brightsmith | Ref 298-20 |
Brogger | Ref 298-1384 |
Brother | Ref 298-B32 |
Brownsmith | Ref 298-2719 |
Burler | Ref 298-3 |
C |
Cadger | Ref 298-1885 |
See Badger, Cadge and Cadger Lane, Brighouse
Cafender | Ref 298-C38 |
Canvasser | Ref 298-C1036 |
Later, the term was used for anyone who carried out research, particularly for use in elections or sales
Carboniser | Ref 298-78 |
Carder | Ref 298-96 |
Carman | Ref 298-60 |
Someone who drives a cart & horse(s) to make deliveries of goods
Carter | Ref 298-61 |
Someone who drives a cart & horse(s) to make deliveries of goods
Catagman | Ref 298-C13 |
Chair bottomer | Ref 298-67 |
Chandler | Ref 298-2535 |
Corn chandlers and tallow chandlers are encountered
Chapman | Ref 298-1734 |
See Copeman
Cheese winder | Ref 298-27 |
Clicker | Ref 298-45 |
It can also mean someone who works in the printing industry
Clogger | Ref 298-4 |
See Verney Horsfall
Clothier | Ref 298-C78 |
Cobbler | Ref 298-974 |
Collier | Ref 298-C51 |
Comber | Ref 298-46 |
Cone Winder | Ref 298-29 |
Confectioner | Ref 298-965 |
Later, someone who made cakes and sweets.
Conveyancer | Ref 298-962 |
Cooper | Ref 298-930 |
Coparcener | Ref 298-C12 |
Copeman | Ref 298-2543 |
Cordwainer | Ref 298-1300 |
The word comes from Córdoban, after the leather products of the Spanish city of Córdoba.
See Clicker
Corn chandler | Ref 298-1981 |
Coroner | Ref 298-2361 |
Under an Act of 1752, coroners returned abstracts of inquests to the Quarter Sessions in order to claim their expenses. These returns are preserved in the sessions files and include the date of the inquest, the name of the deceased and the verdict of the jury. These are public records and there is a 75 years' closure period on them.
See William Barstow, John Brigg, John Brigg, Coroner's Court, Halifax, J. F. Dearden, Thomas F. Dearden, George Dyson, George, Brighouse, Halifax Town Hall, John Hargreaves, Ernest Hatton Hill, John Richard Ingram, Bernard Williamson Little, Edward Wallace Norris, William Stansfeld, Joseph Wood and Robert Wood
Costermonger | Ref 298-1888 |
Cottager | Ref 298-C89 |
Cottar | Ref 298-1761 |
Couper | Ref 298-C53 |
Couple beggar | Ref 298-2661 |
Cropper | Ref 298-C102 |
Culler | Ref 298-1715 |
Cunning man | Ref 298-1635 |
Cursitor | Ref 298-C113 |
Cutlooker | Ref 298-82 |
D |
Dataller | Ref 298-75 |
A casual worker who is paid by the day.
Delver | Ref 298-57 |
This was distinct from a stone miner who worked underground.
See Master-taker and Stone quarrying
Devil minder | Ref 298-5 |
Devil worker | Ref 298-6 |
Deviller | Ref 298-68 |
Dexter | Ref 298-24 |
Compare Textor.
There are the entries on the Calderdale Companion for people with the surname Dexter.
Dispensatore | Ref 298-1049 |
A steward or treasurer
Dissenter | Ref 298-2569 |
To some extent, Dissenters were tradesmen and workers of the lower class.
In the 18th century, Dissenters were excluded from membership of certain bodies, for example, they could not be a student at Oxford & Cambridge, a Magistrate, or a Member of Parliament.
See Baptists, Congregationalists, Methodists and Unitarians
Doffer | Ref 298-108 |
Someone who removes a filled bobbin or cheese from a machine, and replaces it with an empty one.
Doffers were often child workers who were small enough to crawl beneath the machines.
See: Doff
Dog whipper | Ref 298-2840 |
The dogs might be attracted by the tails of foxes, and other animals – which were killed in order to collect a bounty – and nailed to the church door.
Doubler | Ref 298-88 |
Drawer | Ref 298-99 |
Someone who gathered the threads from a number of bobbins for handling the combined threads together.
See: Plug-drawer / Wire drawer
Dresser | Ref 298-101 |
Drover | Ref 298-1015 |
Drysalter | Ref 298-1059 |
Someone who makes or deals in dry chemicals, such as dyes and colours for the textile industry
Dryster | Ref 298-34 |
Duler | Ref 298-7 |
Dummerer | Ref 298-2546 |
Dyer | Ref 298-957 |
E |
Ealdorman | Ref 298-77 |
The name continued to be used as alderman
Engine Tenter | Ref 298-2524 |
Executor | Ref 298-1980 |
An executrix is a female executor.
F |
Facer | Ref 298-1080 |
Farrier | Ref 298-74 |
Fellmonger | Ref 298-2482 |
Someone who deals in hides and skins – particularly sheepskins – and other animal products which were used for making glue, and a tradesman who prepares skins for the tanner.
Feoffee | Ref 298-2019 |
Feoffor | Ref 298-2048 |
Feroner | Ref 298-F7 |
Fettler | Ref 298-1146 |
Finisher | Ref 298-F6 |
Fixer | Ref 298-1942 |
Flag Facer | Ref 298-1077 |
See Stone dresser
Freedman | Ref 298-1835 |
Compare this with freeman
Freeholder | Ref 298-1613 |
See Copyholder, Inholder and Smallholder
Frith man | Ref 298-2017 |
Fuller | Ref 298-42 |
G |
Gannister miner | Ref 298-111 |
Gaoler | Ref 298-69 |
The name turnkey was also used
Garnet | Ref 298-38 |
The work is carried out by a garnetter.
Garthman | Ref 298-G12 |
Gasser | Ref 298-8 |
Gaux collector | Ref 298-9 |
Gentleman | Ref 298-324 |
The sons of a men titled esquire are titled gentlemen.
Good brother | Ref 298-2851 |
Goodman | Ref 298-1353 |
Goodwife | Ref 298-1354 |
Goux collector | Ref 298-10 |
Grace wife | Ref 298-79 |
Gracer | Ref 298-G19 |
Gunsmith | Ref 298-946 |
Gypsy | Ref 298-919 |
Aka Aegyptianus, Zingarius, and Zingari.
True gypsies speak the Romany language and are believed to originate in South Asia.
H |
Haberdasher | Ref 298-H34 |
Hair merchant | Ref 298-32 |
Half-timer | Ref 298-2852 |
It is recorded that there were 1057 half-timers working in Halifax in 1917.
The practice became illegal in 1922.
Hawker | Ref 298-995 |
Hellier | Ref 298-H49 |
This is also a surname in some parts of the country
Henter | Ref 298-H23 |
Herbalist | Ref 298-47 |
In the 19th century, the term botanist might also mean a herbalist.
Some local herbalists were John Anderton, Charles William Bentley, John Bull Herbal Remedy Company, S. Challice, William Culpan, Prof Fairbairn, Samuel Fleming, George Galloway, Greenwood Hanson, Henry Hanson, Mrs Ann Helliwell, Charles Henry Hitchin, A. Lambert, Walter Burns Lingard, Jonathan Lord, M. Ringrose and Mrs Mary Ann Vowles
Hewer | Ref 298-1366 |
See Hurrier
Higgler | Ref 298-2471 |
Highwayman | Ref 298-1451 |
Hooker | Ref 298-255 |
Later, it was a mill worker who operated a machine which laid out a length of cloth into uniform folds of the required length
Horn merchant | Ref 298-33 |
See Hair Merchant and Horner
Horner | Ref 298-71 |
Hosier | Ref 298-H35 |
Hostler | Ref 298-1598 |
Huckster | Ref 298-2513 |
It was also a general term for anyone who sold goods from a small shop or a booth
Hugger | Ref 298-1280 |
Huggers wore a leather saddle to protect themselves.
They used a hugging ladder – a ladder with broad rungs set close together – which made the ascent easier for the worker who could not use his hands to steady himself as he climbed. The task was mechanised during the 1800s, although hugging continued until about 1870.
There were numerous accidents involving huggers and stone workers
Hurrier | Ref 298-1050 |
See Hewer, Mines Act [1842] and Thruster
Husbandman | Ref 298-1574 |
They came below yeomen on the social scale.
See Bordar
Hush-seller | Ref 298-2489 |
Husht Seller | Ref 298-1864 |
See Husht
I |
Impropriator | Ref 298-I15 |
Ingomon | Ref 298-1199 |
Inholder | Ref 298-1213 |
Interfactor | Ref 298-I7 |
Ironmaster | Ref 298-I3 |
J |
Jacksmith | Ref 298-943 |
Jagger | Ref 298-2001 |
It is also an occupational surname mentioned around 1368, and was common in Stainland
The name may be derived from the German Jæger, a type of pony which was used as a packhorse.
See Ailsa O'Fusses
Joiner | Ref 298-102 |
Also another name for a piecer who joins the ends of broken threads
Journeyman | Ref 298-2335 |
Typically, he travelled widely and worked away from home, and would have completed his apprenticeship but was not yet a master of his trade.
Journeymen were members of a guild
Jouster | Ref 298-J3 |
K |
King's archer | Ref 298-1330 |
Kneller | Ref 298-K3 |
Knocker-up | Ref 298-K10 |
Knocknobbler | Ref 298-1795 |
L |
Laiker | Ref 298-L23 |
See Laik
Lamiger | Ref 298-L30 |
Lanternist | Ref 298-73 |
Lardner | Ref 298-11 |
Lavender | Ref 298-L17 |
Lecturer | Ref 298-L33 |
Limiter | Ref 298-L27 |
Lister | Ref 298-315 |
Little Maker | Ref 298-2293 |
Loom tuner | Ref 298-83 |
In many online Census returns, this is wrongly transcribed as Loom turner
Loom turner | Ref 298-85 |
Loomer | Ref 298-103 |
Lorimer | Ref 298-1206 |
M |
Machine-breaker | Ref 298-M40 |
Mantua maker | Ref 298-12 |
Market gardener | Ref 298-M44 |
In the 1830s, representatives from Toronto came to England to recruit stone masons and market gardeners which were in great demand in Canada. Many local workers emigrated about this time.
There were many local people involved in gardening and market gardening – see Local Gardening & Horticulture
Masher | Ref 298-104 |
Master | Ref 298-2800 |
See Journeyman
Master-taker | Ref 298-493 |
In several cases, the master-taker was also the local innkeeper, and would pay the wages to his delvers in his own inn, ensuring that a proportion of their earnings was quickly returned to him!
Melder | Ref 298-M20 |
Mender | Ref 298-276 |
Mercer | Ref 298-13 |
Mercury woman | Ref 298-M30 |
Messor | Ref 298-M19 |
Middle man | Ref 298-1270 |
See Chapman and Halifax Act [1555]
Middleman | Ref 298-765 |
Midwife | Ref 298-64 |
See Gossip, Grace wife, Monthly Nurse, Wet nurse and Wiseman / Wisewoman
Milliner | Ref 298-M11 |
The word originally meant someone from Milan, and later it can to mean someone who sold fancy goods from Milan
Milner | Ref 298-M16 |
Misegatherer | Ref 298-M21 |
Monger | Ref 298-1011 |
Monthly Nurse | Ref 298-63 |
Mule piecer | Ref 298-93 |
N |
Navvy | Ref 298-1449 |
Many navvies were Irish migrants.
O |
Ordinary keeper | Ref 298-O8 |
Ostler | Ref 298-O1 |
Overlooker | Ref 298-224 |
The name was also used for someone who maintains and tunes the looms.
The name tackler is used in Lancashire.
See Halifax & District Power Loom Overlookers' Society and Powerloom Overlookers' Club, Todmorden
Overseer of the Poor | Ref 298-1539 |
P |
Palisser | Ref 298-2541 |
The name comes from the French palisse meaning a pale or a fence.
This and associated words are often corrupted to palace
Palliard | Ref 298-1298 |
Palmer | Ref 298-P24 |
Pardoner | Ref 298-P57 |
Parker | Ref 298-43 |
Passive Resister | Ref 298-1087 |
The National Passive Resistance Movement was formed in 1902 by the Baptist Minister John Clifford.
There was considerable opposition in February 1904, when non-payment resulted in seizure of their goods and possesions to the value of the rate and the costs.
On 23rd June 1905, there was a Passive Resisters' Demonstration in Halifax with a speech by the Rev A. T. Guttery.
In 1906, over 170 passive resisters were imprisoned at Wakefield.
See Rev Roger Briggs, Harold Chapman, Rev William Lawrence, James Edward Whiteley and Rev John Wilkinson
Pauper | Ref 298-1138 |
See Overseer of the Poor and Roundsman
Pavior | Ref 298-P19 |
Paviour | Ref 298-1057 |
Later, it was any workman involved in paving paths and roads.
Pawnbroker | Ref 298-P14 |
Peeler | Ref 298-P16 |
See Police
percher | Ref 298-14 |
Pew-opener | Ref 298-2713 |
Piece Worker | Ref 298-92 |
Piecener | Ref 298-86 |
Piecer | Ref 298-211 |
A textile worker who joins any broken threads and feeds them into the machines during the processes of slubbing, scribbling, carding and spinning.
The intricate task was often performed by women or child workers.
See: Mule piecer / Piece worker
Pikeman | Ref 298-P55 |
Pinder | Ref 298-1958 |
An official who was responsible for rounding up and impounding stray and wandering animals and cattle.
The animals were impounded in a pound or pinfold.
Pistor | Ref 298-1047 |
Plug-drawer | Ref 298-P48 |
Poulterer | Ref 298-P29 |
Powler | Ref 298-1012 |
Preemer | Ref 298-P25 |
Pretender | Ref 298-P5 |
Prigger | Ref 298-P12 |
Proctor | Ref 298-P30 |
Puddler | Ref 298-36 |
R |
Rag & bone man | Ref 298-R21 |
Reacher | Ref 298-100 |
Reaver | Ref 298-R2 |
Recorder | Ref 298-R10 |
Rector | Ref 298-1611 |
He was responsible for the maintenance of the chancel which was his private part of the church.
In his absence, the vicar deputised for the rector. There is now no difference between a vicar and a rector.
A curate is an assistant to the rector
Reducer | Ref 298-40 |
a reducer in a worsted factory
Question: Does anyone know what the job entailed?
Reed Maker | Ref 298-105 |
Relief innkeeper | Ref 298-58 |
This & associated entries use material contributed by Glynn Helliwell
Relieving Officer | Ref 298-130 |
See Parish Relief
Remittance man | Ref 298-1228 |
Riddler | Ref 298-R14 |
Ring spinner | Ref 298-94 |
Roller coverer | Ref 298-106 |
Rover | Ref 298-107 |
Ruffler | Ref 298-2498 |
S |
Saltpetre man | Ref 298-S37 |
Sawyer | Ref 298-1029 |
Scavenger | Ref 298-26 |
Scrivener | Ref 298-S60 |
Scutcher | Ref 298-15 |
Scutiger | Ref 298-1821 |
Serjeant | Ref 298-S87 |
Setter | Ref 298-50 |
Setter-On | Ref 298-109 |
Shearman | Ref 298-2698 |
By 1817, 1,170 croppers were out of work in Yorkshire; 1,445 were employed part-time; 763 were employed full-time.
Sherman | Ref 298-2587 |
Also a man who sheared sheep
Silk dresser | Ref 298-51 |
Silk mercer | Ref 298-52 |
See Mercer and Silk industry
Silk thrower | Ref 298-54 |
See Silk warper
Silk warper | Ref 298-53 |
See Silk thrower
Singer | Ref 298-1083 |
Pronunciation: Singer rhymes with ginger
Sister | Ref 298-S31 |
Skiver | Ref 298-25 |
Slop tailor | Ref 298-941 |
Slopseller | Ref 298-S88 |
Smallholder | Ref 298-2749 |
See Copyholder
Smith | Ref 298-945 |
See Blacksmith, Brownsmith, Gunsmith, Jacksmith, Smithy, Sucksmith and Whitesmith
Socman | Ref 298-1314 |
Sojourner | Ref 298-S13 |
Spencer | Ref 298-S8 |
Spinner | Ref 298-16 |
Squatter | Ref 298-S34 |
Stationer | Ref 298-91 |
Stay-Maker | Ref 298-62 |
Stone Dresser | Ref 298-41 |
See Flag Facer
Stone miner | Ref 298-56 |
This was distinct from a stone delver who worked in a open quarry
Stover | Ref 298-49 |
This may simply to dry the material, or, in some cases, to expose it to sulphur fumes, or to produce a special surface effect.
The work was done by a stover
This & associated entries use material contributed by Stan Mapstone
Stravaiger | Ref 298-S23 |
Strawman | Ref 298-S22 |
Stuff Merchant | Ref 298-17 |
Sucksmith | Ref 298-948 |
Summoner | Ref 298-S76 |
Surgeon | Ref 298-37 |
Sutler | Ref 298-S67 |
Swaler | Ref 298-2068 |
T |
Tackler | Ref 298-110 |
Tallow chandler | Ref 298-2120 |
See Chandler
Tallyman | Ref 298-T14 |
Teamer | Ref 298-985 |
Temple maker | Ref 298-95 |
This & associated entries use material contributed by Roger Beasley
Tenter | Ref 298-1 |
Territorial | Ref 298-18 |
Testator | Ref 298-2227 |
A testatrix is a woman who writes a will
Textor | Ref 298-1173 |
Thief-taker | Ref 298-T65 |
Throstle spinner | Ref 298-98 |
Thrower | Ref 298-19 |
Thruster | Ref 298-1547 |
Thumper | Ref 298-T2 |
Tickneyman | Ref 298-T68 |
Tierer | Ref 298-76 |
A tierer was employed to spread a fresh surface of colour on the printer's pad each time he used it to print calico
This & associated entries use material contributed by Roger Beasley
Tilloter | Ref 298-59 |
Tinker | Ref 298-T52 |
Tinsmith | Ref 298-65 |
See Smith
Tippler | Ref 298-T16 |
Tithingman | Ref 298-35 |
Todhunter | Ref 298-T67 |
Totter | Ref 298-97 |
the bottles were re-used, the rags were sold to makers of shoddy and the bones were sold on to glue-making businesses
Town husband | Ref 298-1632 |
Trammer | Ref 298-926 |
Trampler | Ref 298-T64 |
Tranqueter | Ref 298-T13 |
Translator | Ref 298-T66 |
Tranter | Ref 298-T62 |
Trencherman | Ref 298-21 |
Troacher | Ref 298-T61 |
Tueler | Ref 298-31 |
Tuler | Ref 298-30 |
Turnkey | Ref 298-70 |
Tutor | Ref 298-2567 |
Twister-in | Ref 298-66 |
Tyler | Ref 298-762 |
A Tyler is a Doorkeeper or Guard at the Lodge
U |
Ullnager | Ref 298-80 |
At one point, the ullnagers increased the tax, and a number of Halifax clothiers – refusing to pay – sold their cloth unsealed; the ullnager attempted to seize the goods, but the clothiers won the subsequent court case.
The records are held as Ullnagers' Accounts or Ullnagers' Rolls.
See Narrow cloth
Usher | Ref 298-383 |
At Heath Grammar School, the Usher had similar duties to the Headmaster, but received only half the salary.
Thomas Preston was Usher – or Ludimagister – at Heath Grammar School [1671]
V |
Vagrant | Ref 298-22 |
Vat man | Ref 298-933 |
Venetor | Ref 298-V8 |
Verderer | Ref 298-2782 |
Verger | Ref 298-V12 |
Viewer | Ref 298-546 |
Vintner | Ref 298-V6 |
W |
Walker | Ref 298-44 |
Waller | Ref 298-W1 |
Warper | Ref 298-1242 |
Warrener | Ref 298-39 |
See Warner
Webster | Ref 298-458 |
Wharfinger | Ref 298-1207 |
He took custody of, and was responsible for, goods delivered to the wharf. Typically, he had an office on the wharf or dock, and was responsible for day-to-day activities including slipways, keeping tide tables and resolving disputes.
The etymology is probably Elizabethan-era English.
The final 2 syllables are pronounced as in ginger not as in finger.
See Calder House, Sowerby Bridge and Wharf House, Sowerby Bridge
This & associated entries use material contributed by Mark Andrew
Whitesmith | Ref 298-W39 |
See Brightsmith, Brownsmith and Smith
Whitster | Ref 298-936 |
Willeyer | Ref 298-55 |
Winder | Ref 298-28 |
See Cheese winder and Cone winder
Wire drawer | Ref 298-89 |
A thick wire drawer produced wire of a greater thickness
Wiseman / Wisewoman | Ref 298-81 |
Woolchapman | Ref 298-W12 |
Woolcomber | Ref 298-230 |
Anyone who combs the raw wool during the making of cloth.
St Blaise is the patron St of woolcombers.
In 1853, a letter to the Reynold's Newspaper reported that
the woolcombers of Halifax and its district number about 10,000, with their wives and children, making a population of nearly 30,000 dependent in that particular branch of labour. They are in great distress, but the mill owners are making colossal fortunes
See Bishop Blaise
Wooldriver | Ref 298-84 |
Henry VIII abolished the practice.
See Halifax Act [1555] and Woolshops
Woolsorter | Ref 298-466 |
Woolstapler | Ref 298-188 |
A single fleece comprised many different staples and grades of wool. The staples of wool were sorted according to quality, colour, length and fineness.
Workhouse Master | Ref 298-1961 |
This was a lowly-paid position, but had considerable responsibility and prestige in the community
Y |
Yagger | Ref 298-934 |
Yardman | Ref 298-937 |
Yearman | Ref 298-2767 |
Yeoman clothier | Ref 298-2295 |
Some clothiers were also weavers and producers of cloth, and some were merchants.
John Royds was one of the wealthiest clothiers in the district.
Under the Weavers' Act [1555], clothiers in country districts were forbidden to keep more than one loom, and woollen weavers were forbidden to keep more than two looms.
Many clothiers became very prosperous, and many were Quakers. As the export trade increased through Hull, many local clothiers moved from Halifax to live at the port. In the 16th century, John Winchcombe – known as Jack of Newbury – was probably the most famous clothier in England.
More recently, the term clothier has been used to refer to a tailor, or a retailer of mechanically produced cloth.
See Clothier's Seal, Little maker and Ullnager
Page Ref: MMJ84
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